General Information

Figure 1 shows a farm hut.

Farm hut.
Farm hut with gable and single-slope roofs.

The timber structure consists mainly of columns (capital letters), a gable roof structure, knee braces, and an attached single-slope unit; the roof cladding is made of corrugated zinc sheets. There are four bays; the spacing b ≅ 3 m, and the span s ≅ 6 m. The structural members are connected by nails.

Alternative Load Path

Figure 2 shows a schematic layout of the structure.

Layout.
Layout of a farm hut with knee braces

Knee braces are installed on columns B, C, D, I, J, and K. Figure 3 shows a structure sector.

Farm hut structure.
Timber farm hut structure with damaged members

The tie beam and the knee brace in the column J region and the tie beam in the column K region are damaged (locations indicated with X). Figures 4 and 5 show the damaged members.

Column J region: damaged tie beam and knee brace.
Damaged knee brace and tie beam of a timber farm hut

The tie beam and the knee brace are not structurally connected to the column.

Column K region: damaged tie beam.
Damaged tie beam of a timber farm hut

The tie beam is not structurally connected to the column.

  • What are some possible causes for the damages members?
  • Figure 6 shows two schematic cross-sections located at the damaged members, while figure 7 shows a schematic three-dimensional view of the farm hut.

    Cross-sections.
    Cross-sections of a timber farm hut with damaged structural members

    The ridge beam and the purlins are continuous, and the rafter spacing is about one meter.

    Farm hut.
    Three-dimensional drawing of a four-bay farm hut with damaged structural members

    The alternative load path (due to the damaged members) did not cause a collapse.

  • What affects the alternative load path?
    Was the load case with the above shown damaged members analyzed in the design phase?
  • Figure 8 shows a schematic three-dimensional view of the farm hut with two bays instead of four.

    Farm hut.
    Three-dimensional drawing of a two-bay farm hut with damaged structural member

    The spacing e ≅ 6 m. Suppose that the knee brace and the tie beam near the central column (J) are damaged as previously shown.

  • Is a collapse probably more, less, or approximately equally likely compared to the four-bay structure?
    When are load cases with failed members required in the design phase?